Dental cavities

Overview

Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries, is the destruction of the outer surface or enamel of a tooth. It is one of the most common conditions, affecting an estimated 90% of North Americans at some time in their lives. Young children, ages one through six, are more susceptible because their primary teeth have thinner, weaker enamel which makes them an easy target for plaque. They also have more spaces between teeth where food is more likely to linger. This creates a breeding ground for cavity causing bacteria. Cavities can be readily treated; however prevention is easier and far less expensive.

Causes

Plaque is the main source of tooth decay. This is the sticky, colorless coating of bacteria that forms when sugary or starchy food particles are left on the teeth. The bacteria use the sugar and starch to produce lactic acid. When this acid is allowed to build up on a tooth, it dissolves the enamel which creates the holes that we know as cavities. Plaque can also develop along and under the gum line and cause the bone supporting a tooth to breakdown. Research has shown that plaque build-up can also harm your overall health. It can get into your bloodstream and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and respiratory problems.

Symptoms

Decay sometimes has no symptoms until it has extended into the core of a tooth. At this point, it is likely to cause irritation or infection which in turn results in inflammation and a toothache. For people who don't visit the dentist regularly, this can be the first warning sign that something is wrong. Earlier signs which you or your dentist or oral hygienist may notice include:

  • a tooth that is sensitive to pressure
  • bad breath
  • coloured spots on the teeth
  • loose fillings
  • sensitivity to hot and cold liquid
  • minor pain after eating candy or other sweet foods

If these symptoms are ignored and the tooth decay becomes even more severe, an abscess could form in the bone at the base of a tooth. In addition to throbbing pain, symptoms may include swollen glands and fever.

Treatment

Once your dentist diagnoses a cavity he or she will want to fill it as soon as possible because the longer decay goes untreated, the more destructive it becomes and the longer and more intensive treatment will be. Treatment of a cavity involves removing all the tooth decay and then shaping the sides of the hole before filling it with a white-coloured resin or silver amalgam.

If bacteria have already damaged the pulp at the base of a tooth, it will likely become infected and you could lose it. To save the tooth, your dentist may suggest a root canal. Despite its reputation, this is a simple procedure with little or no discomfort. The dentist removes the pulp, cleans and seals the canal and places a crown over the tooth to further protect it.

Prevention

 
  • Brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
  • Clean between teeth daily with floss
  • Eat a balanced diet and limit between-meal snacks.
  • Visit your dentist regularly for professional cleanings and oral exams.
  • Ask your dentist about dental sealants, a protective plastic coating that can be applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth where decay often starts.
  • Never allow children to fall asleep with a bottle containing milk, formula, juice or other sweetened liquids.
  • Never dip soothers in honey or other sugary substances.